Natron and its Use in Preserving Egyptian Mummies

Natron is a chemical salt (Na2CO3), which was used by the ancient Bronze Age societies in the eastern Mediterranean for a wide range of purposes, most importantly as an ingredient in making glass, and as a preservative used in making mummies.   Natron can be created out of ash from plants that grow in salt marshes (called halophytic plants) or mined from  natural deposits. The main source for Egyptian mummy-making was at Wadi Natrun, northwest of Cairo. Another important natural deposit used primarily for glass-making was at Chalastra, in the Macedonian region of Greece.   Oh, mummy! Ahmose-Nefertari still looks good today. G. Elliot Smith (1871-1937)/Public Domain/Wikimedia Commons Mummy Preservation Beginning as long ago as 3500 BCE, the ancient Egyptians mummified their wealthy dead in various ways. During the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1099 BCE), the process included the removal and preservation of internal organs. Certain organs such as the lungs and intestines were placed into decorated Canopic jars that symbolized protection by the Gods.  The body was then preserved with natron while the heart was typically left untouched and inside of the body. The brain was often physically discarded.   Natrons salt properties worked to preserve the mummy in three ways: Dried the moisture in the flesh thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteriaDegreased the body fats by removing moisture-filled fat cellsServed as a microbial disinfectant. Natron  was stripped from the bodys skin after 40 days  and the cavities were filled with items such as linen, herbs, sand, and sawdust.  The skin was coated with resin, then the body was wrapped in resin-coated linen bandages. This entire process took about two and a half months for those that could afford to embalm. Earliest Use   Natron is a salt, and salts and brines have been used in all cultures for a number of uses. Natron was used in Egyptian glass-making at least as long ago as the Badarian period of early 4th millennium BCE, and likely in mummy-making about the same time. By 1000 BCE, glass makers throughout the Mediterranean used natron as the flux elements.   Knossos Palace on Crete was built with large blocks of gypsum, a mineral related to natron; the Romans used NaCl as money or salarium, which is how English got the word salary. The Greek writer Herodotus reported natrons use in mummy-making the 6th century BCE.   Making or Mining Natron Natron can be made by collecting plants from salt marshes, burning them until they are at the ash stage and then mixing it with soda lime. In addition, natron is found in natural deposits in Africa in places such as Lake Magadi, Kenya, and Lake Natron in Tanzania, and in Greece at Lake Pikrolimni. The mineral is typically found alongside  gypsum and calcite, both also important to Mediterranean Bronze Age societies. Natron Glass - Unguent Bottle - New Kingdom 18th or 19th Dynasty. Claire H Characteristics and Use Natural natron varies in color with the deposit. It can be pure white, or darker grey or yellow. It has a soapy texture when mixed with water, and was used anciently as a soap and mouthwash, and as a disinfectant for cuts and other wounds.   Natron was an important component for making ceramics, paints—it is an important element in the recipe for the paint known as Egyptian blue—glassmaking, and metals. Natron was also used to make faience, the high-tech substitute for precious gems in Egyptian society.   Today, natron is not used as readily in modern-day society, having been replaced with commercial detergent items along with soda ash, which made up for its use as a soap, glass-maker and household items. Natron has decreased dramatically in use since its popularity in the 1800s. Egyptian Etymology The name natron comes from the term Nitron, which derives from Egypt as a synonym for sodium bicarbonate. Natron was from the 1680s French word which was derived directly from Arabics natrun. The latter was from Greeks nitron. It is also known as the chemical sodium which is symbolized as Na. Sources Bertman, Stephen. The Genesis of Science: The Story of Greek Imagination. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2010. Print. Dotsika, E., et al. A Natron Source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical Evidence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103.2-3 (2009): 133-43. Print. Noble, Joseph Veach. The Technique of Egyptian Faience. American Journal of Archaeology 73.4 (1969): 435–39. Print. Tite, M.S., et al. The Composition of the Soda-Rich and Mixed Alkali Plant Ashes Used in the Production of Glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1284-92. Print.

The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University Admission/Application Essay

Essays on The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University Admission/Application Essay The paper "The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University" is an excellent example of an application essay on education. I am writing to inform you of my interest for the position of full-time Adjunct Faculty at your university. I have the ability to provide learning support for students of all ages enrolled in the university. I hope you find my professional experience of working with people of all ages, adolescents, and my credentials a substantial qualification to consider me for the position at the university.  I hold an AS Business Administration from Community College, which has allowed me to understand and apply concepts from human psychology and special education. I also have a BS in Criminal Justice and Masters in the same, which has contributed to my life experience of working at correctional facilities and penitentiary as detailed in my resume. Through my education, I have cultured and learned how to work with and help people both students and inmates find healthy ways to live and creatively convey their emotions within a disciplined and structured classroom.  At the Department of Correction, where I was employed as a training instructor supervisor, I worked directly with troubled inmates and youths detained in the facility. In addition, I was able to conduct various activities and functions such as:   schedule security training classes and activities to meet the department needs, write and maintain employee training files and reports, instruct employees on the subject matter, supervise firing range and firearms activities, exchange information with other enforcement agencies, and participated in all APOSTC training instructor courses among other activities detailed in my attached resume.  In addition, regular classroom and facility teaching and instructions have enabled me to gain experience working with inmates, students and their parents, providing assistance with academic and behavioral problems. I also have various certifications ranging f rom managerial leadership style for today’s workforce, firearm and general instructor certificate for the state of AL, American Red Cross instructor, and U.S. Department of Homeland Security Firearms instructor among other certifications mentioned in my resume.  The enclosed resume illustrates further my education and work experience. As a Masters holder in Criminal Justice, I have acquainted myself with a range of skills, which would allow me to blend with your university culture and propel your university goal to new heights. I look forward to hearing from you to coordinate an interview, so I can highlight my strengths better as your next full-time Adjunct Faculty.

Do You Believe free essay sample

Do you know how people say, â€Å"practice makes perfect.† That’s actually not true because everyone makes mistakes and no one is perfect. What made me start to think about this was as I got older I kept seeing people do stupid stuff that would hurt something or someone. I believe that no one is perfect because everyone makes mistakes and it is just human nature to do something wrong. No one is perfect because everyone makes mistakes. Most of the time when I play soccer I will make some bad passes in the game and also during the game I will dribble down the field and get the ball taken away from me. If I was perfect and didn’t make mistakes that wouldn’t ever happen and my team would win every game. Also another example is when Kentucky played Tennessee in football in the fourth overtime. If Kentucky football was perfect and never made mistakes than Kentucky would have won that game and could have got a higher rank. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Believe? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you would talk to most of the more famous and rich people that have succeeded they will tell you that they have once failed before they became rich and famous. When Michael Jordan was younger and playing high school basketball he failed to make the basketball team. When Michael Jordan failed he just pictured his name not being on the list in the locker room which made him work harder. After a while Michael Jordan led his high school team to a state championship and the becoming one of the best basketball players ever. When I was 11 years old I got sick of being on my classic soccer team. I had tried out and then didn’t make the team. But then I when I was 12 years old I finally made the premier team which was a big accomplishment to me. When I was younger I would always think that my parents were perfect because I would always look up to them and they would always do stuff for me. One time when I was little I use to be very picky and stuff and when my mom would make a meal I wouldn’t eat it so she would always make me something different just so I could eat something. Even though I look up to both of my parents now I still see that they make mistakes and notice that they aren’t perfect. I believe no one is perfect no matter who you are. There is not a single person in the world that is perfect because everyone is mistakes. Some people in the world make worse mistakes than others. Some mistakes will ruin their lives and some could improve their lives by learning from their mistakes. This can impact my future in a good way or a bad way depending on if I learn from my mistakes or not. This will tell me that in order for myself to succeed I will have to fail. The advice that I would give is, don’t worry about messing up or making a mistake because most of the time you will learn from that and it will be good in the future. Do You Believe free essay sample Do you believe in old quotes, that they may come true? Like have you ever heard your parents say quotes such as â€Å"what goes around comes around,† or â€Å"when you point a finger at someone you have four pointing right back at you,† or what about â€Å"what goes up most some down.† Well mine do all the time. Out of all the quotes that they have said to me or my sister, there’s one that has always stuck in my head at that is â€Å"what you do to others may come around and happen to you.† My first reason is that to get revenge on those who use to pick on me and make fun of me just because I was a little bit bigger than the other kids, they also made fun of my clothes just because they were a little dirty at times or they had something printed on them that they thought wasn’t cool enough for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Believe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My final reason is because they made fun of how I acted and sound like they made fun of my country ascent and how I acted all crazy because I was young and didn’t know what I was doing and didn’t really care. Second reason is that the bible tells us â€Å"do unto other as they would do unto you† because it’s wanting to make you become a better person to your family and to friends and to strangers. Also to be a friendlier person in every one, if you show respect to people they will respect you and they will think you are a good person. Back when I was a young one and didn’t know what to do to those who made fun of me I use to think that when they made fun of me the next day something would happen to them. Now I believe over time god will get them back just like this kid that went to elementary school with me he ended up getting over weight and now he has diabetes, or like his best friend that would help him pick on me but now his parents are divorc ed, so now I think what you do unto others will come around and bite you in the butt. What I believe in now is totally different from what I use to be suckered into now I believe that what you do to others will come around to bit you in the butt, and god judges you by what you do to others and yourself. I think this will impact my future because people will think about what they do before they act upon some one or that they will treat every one else wilt the respect that they disserve or when someone is making fun of there kid they will take action and stand up for them.

Marc Newson free essay sample

The designs and work that he has created up to date are exceptional, different and mesmerizing. He incorporates a design style known as biomorphism to his various designs. This style uses smooth flowing lines, translucency, and transparency and tends to have an absence of sharp edges. Marc Newson was included in Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World and has received numerous awards and distinctions. Marc Newson has also designed very famous aircraft called Qantas A380 in 2008. His works are put in different museum collections. Some of them are; *Art Gallery of South Australia Adelaide, Australia *Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France and *Museum fur Kunst und Gewerb, Hamburg, Germany. Wood Chair- made in 1988: Marc Newson’s creations are so different and breathtaking that it is hard to choose the favourite but Wood chair has certainly grabbed my attention. It is one of my favourite from his collection. The wood chair is an oversized lounge chair made of bent natural beech heartwood. We will write a custom essay sample on Marc Newson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chair looks simple yet complex. The chair is bent to form a double curve or alpha shapes’ making it look really complex and intricate. The use of light colour makes it look simple and classy grabbing your attention and making you want to sit on it and relax. Marc Newson’s each works are very creative and original. The ‘Lockheed Lounge’ is an extraordinary piece which has become one of Newson’s signature pieces and a 20th century design icon. The shapes and sizes of his art pieces are inspired by the surrounding and nature. For example you can tell that embryo chair is similar to embryos. He has captured the shape of embryos and turned it into a comfortable and stylish chair. When Marc Newson was asked about embryo chair he replied â€Å"No one was making things in bright colours that were curvy and seductive and sensual. † â€Å"I’d been subconsciously developing a style, and with that piece I think I defined what that style was. † Marc Newson plays a lot with colours, shapes, sizes and different styles. The risk taking attitude and originality in his works captures audiences and makes it likable. Marc Newson is currently running two studios. One is in Paris and the other in London where he had set up Marc Newson Ltd in 1997 as a larger studio capable of undertaking more ambitious industrial projects.