Natron and its Use in Preserving Egyptian Mummies

Natron is a chemical salt (Na2CO3), which was used by the ancient Bronze Age societies in the eastern Mediterranean for a wide range of purposes, most importantly as an ingredient in making glass, and as a preservative used in making mummies.   Natron can be created out of ash from plants that grow in salt marshes (called halophytic plants) or mined from  natural deposits. The main source for Egyptian mummy-making was at Wadi Natrun, northwest of Cairo. Another important natural deposit used primarily for glass-making was at Chalastra, in the Macedonian region of Greece.   Oh, mummy! Ahmose-Nefertari still looks good today. G. Elliot Smith (1871-1937)/Public Domain/Wikimedia Commons Mummy Preservation Beginning as long ago as 3500 BCE, the ancient Egyptians mummified their wealthy dead in various ways. During the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1099 BCE), the process included the removal and preservation of internal organs. Certain organs such as the lungs and intestines were placed into decorated Canopic jars that symbolized protection by the Gods.  The body was then preserved with natron while the heart was typically left untouched and inside of the body. The brain was often physically discarded.   Natrons salt properties worked to preserve the mummy in three ways: Dried the moisture in the flesh thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteriaDegreased the body fats by removing moisture-filled fat cellsServed as a microbial disinfectant. Natron  was stripped from the bodys skin after 40 days  and the cavities were filled with items such as linen, herbs, sand, and sawdust.  The skin was coated with resin, then the body was wrapped in resin-coated linen bandages. This entire process took about two and a half months for those that could afford to embalm. Earliest Use   Natron is a salt, and salts and brines have been used in all cultures for a number of uses. Natron was used in Egyptian glass-making at least as long ago as the Badarian period of early 4th millennium BCE, and likely in mummy-making about the same time. By 1000 BCE, glass makers throughout the Mediterranean used natron as the flux elements.   Knossos Palace on Crete was built with large blocks of gypsum, a mineral related to natron; the Romans used NaCl as money or salarium, which is how English got the word salary. The Greek writer Herodotus reported natrons use in mummy-making the 6th century BCE.   Making or Mining Natron Natron can be made by collecting plants from salt marshes, burning them until they are at the ash stage and then mixing it with soda lime. In addition, natron is found in natural deposits in Africa in places such as Lake Magadi, Kenya, and Lake Natron in Tanzania, and in Greece at Lake Pikrolimni. The mineral is typically found alongside  gypsum and calcite, both also important to Mediterranean Bronze Age societies. Natron Glass - Unguent Bottle - New Kingdom 18th or 19th Dynasty. Claire H Characteristics and Use Natural natron varies in color with the deposit. It can be pure white, or darker grey or yellow. It has a soapy texture when mixed with water, and was used anciently as a soap and mouthwash, and as a disinfectant for cuts and other wounds.   Natron was an important component for making ceramics, paints—it is an important element in the recipe for the paint known as Egyptian blue—glassmaking, and metals. Natron was also used to make faience, the high-tech substitute for precious gems in Egyptian society.   Today, natron is not used as readily in modern-day society, having been replaced with commercial detergent items along with soda ash, which made up for its use as a soap, glass-maker and household items. Natron has decreased dramatically in use since its popularity in the 1800s. Egyptian Etymology The name natron comes from the term Nitron, which derives from Egypt as a synonym for sodium bicarbonate. Natron was from the 1680s French word which was derived directly from Arabics natrun. The latter was from Greeks nitron. It is also known as the chemical sodium which is symbolized as Na. Sources Bertman, Stephen. The Genesis of Science: The Story of Greek Imagination. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2010. Print. Dotsika, E., et al. A Natron Source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical Evidence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103.2-3 (2009): 133-43. Print. Noble, Joseph Veach. The Technique of Egyptian Faience. American Journal of Archaeology 73.4 (1969): 435–39. Print. Tite, M.S., et al. The Composition of the Soda-Rich and Mixed Alkali Plant Ashes Used in the Production of Glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1284-92. Print.

The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University Admission/Application Essay

Essays on The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University Admission/Application Essay The paper "The Position of Adjunct Faculty in University" is an excellent example of an application essay on education. I am writing to inform you of my interest for the position of full-time Adjunct Faculty at your university. I have the ability to provide learning support for students of all ages enrolled in the university. I hope you find my professional experience of working with people of all ages, adolescents, and my credentials a substantial qualification to consider me for the position at the university.  I hold an AS Business Administration from Community College, which has allowed me to understand and apply concepts from human psychology and special education. I also have a BS in Criminal Justice and Masters in the same, which has contributed to my life experience of working at correctional facilities and penitentiary as detailed in my resume. Through my education, I have cultured and learned how to work with and help people both students and inmates find healthy ways to live and creatively convey their emotions within a disciplined and structured classroom.  At the Department of Correction, where I was employed as a training instructor supervisor, I worked directly with troubled inmates and youths detained in the facility. In addition, I was able to conduct various activities and functions such as:   schedule security training classes and activities to meet the department needs, write and maintain employee training files and reports, instruct employees on the subject matter, supervise firing range and firearms activities, exchange information with other enforcement agencies, and participated in all APOSTC training instructor courses among other activities detailed in my attached resume.  In addition, regular classroom and facility teaching and instructions have enabled me to gain experience working with inmates, students and their parents, providing assistance with academic and behavioral problems. I also have various certifications ranging f rom managerial leadership style for today’s workforce, firearm and general instructor certificate for the state of AL, American Red Cross instructor, and U.S. Department of Homeland Security Firearms instructor among other certifications mentioned in my resume.  The enclosed resume illustrates further my education and work experience. As a Masters holder in Criminal Justice, I have acquainted myself with a range of skills, which would allow me to blend with your university culture and propel your university goal to new heights. I look forward to hearing from you to coordinate an interview, so I can highlight my strengths better as your next full-time Adjunct Faculty.

Do You Believe free essay sample

Do you know how people say, â€Å"practice makes perfect.† That’s actually not true because everyone makes mistakes and no one is perfect. What made me start to think about this was as I got older I kept seeing people do stupid stuff that would hurt something or someone. I believe that no one is perfect because everyone makes mistakes and it is just human nature to do something wrong. No one is perfect because everyone makes mistakes. Most of the time when I play soccer I will make some bad passes in the game and also during the game I will dribble down the field and get the ball taken away from me. If I was perfect and didn’t make mistakes that wouldn’t ever happen and my team would win every game. Also another example is when Kentucky played Tennessee in football in the fourth overtime. If Kentucky football was perfect and never made mistakes than Kentucky would have won that game and could have got a higher rank. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Believe? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you would talk to most of the more famous and rich people that have succeeded they will tell you that they have once failed before they became rich and famous. When Michael Jordan was younger and playing high school basketball he failed to make the basketball team. When Michael Jordan failed he just pictured his name not being on the list in the locker room which made him work harder. After a while Michael Jordan led his high school team to a state championship and the becoming one of the best basketball players ever. When I was 11 years old I got sick of being on my classic soccer team. I had tried out and then didn’t make the team. But then I when I was 12 years old I finally made the premier team which was a big accomplishment to me. When I was younger I would always think that my parents were perfect because I would always look up to them and they would always do stuff for me. One time when I was little I use to be very picky and stuff and when my mom would make a meal I wouldn’t eat it so she would always make me something different just so I could eat something. Even though I look up to both of my parents now I still see that they make mistakes and notice that they aren’t perfect. I believe no one is perfect no matter who you are. There is not a single person in the world that is perfect because everyone is mistakes. Some people in the world make worse mistakes than others. Some mistakes will ruin their lives and some could improve their lives by learning from their mistakes. This can impact my future in a good way or a bad way depending on if I learn from my mistakes or not. This will tell me that in order for myself to succeed I will have to fail. The advice that I would give is, don’t worry about messing up or making a mistake because most of the time you will learn from that and it will be good in the future. Do You Believe free essay sample Do you believe in old quotes, that they may come true? Like have you ever heard your parents say quotes such as â€Å"what goes around comes around,† or â€Å"when you point a finger at someone you have four pointing right back at you,† or what about â€Å"what goes up most some down.† Well mine do all the time. Out of all the quotes that they have said to me or my sister, there’s one that has always stuck in my head at that is â€Å"what you do to others may come around and happen to you.† My first reason is that to get revenge on those who use to pick on me and make fun of me just because I was a little bit bigger than the other kids, they also made fun of my clothes just because they were a little dirty at times or they had something printed on them that they thought wasn’t cool enough for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Believe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My final reason is because they made fun of how I acted and sound like they made fun of my country ascent and how I acted all crazy because I was young and didn’t know what I was doing and didn’t really care. Second reason is that the bible tells us â€Å"do unto other as they would do unto you† because it’s wanting to make you become a better person to your family and to friends and to strangers. Also to be a friendlier person in every one, if you show respect to people they will respect you and they will think you are a good person. Back when I was a young one and didn’t know what to do to those who made fun of me I use to think that when they made fun of me the next day something would happen to them. Now I believe over time god will get them back just like this kid that went to elementary school with me he ended up getting over weight and now he has diabetes, or like his best friend that would help him pick on me but now his parents are divorc ed, so now I think what you do unto others will come around and bite you in the butt. What I believe in now is totally different from what I use to be suckered into now I believe that what you do to others will come around to bit you in the butt, and god judges you by what you do to others and yourself. I think this will impact my future because people will think about what they do before they act upon some one or that they will treat every one else wilt the respect that they disserve or when someone is making fun of there kid they will take action and stand up for them.

Marc Newson free essay sample

The designs and work that he has created up to date are exceptional, different and mesmerizing. He incorporates a design style known as biomorphism to his various designs. This style uses smooth flowing lines, translucency, and transparency and tends to have an absence of sharp edges. Marc Newson was included in Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World and has received numerous awards and distinctions. Marc Newson has also designed very famous aircraft called Qantas A380 in 2008. His works are put in different museum collections. Some of them are; *Art Gallery of South Australia Adelaide, Australia *Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France and *Museum fur Kunst und Gewerb, Hamburg, Germany. Wood Chair- made in 1988: Marc Newson’s creations are so different and breathtaking that it is hard to choose the favourite but Wood chair has certainly grabbed my attention. It is one of my favourite from his collection. The wood chair is an oversized lounge chair made of bent natural beech heartwood. We will write a custom essay sample on Marc Newson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chair looks simple yet complex. The chair is bent to form a double curve or alpha shapes’ making it look really complex and intricate. The use of light colour makes it look simple and classy grabbing your attention and making you want to sit on it and relax. Marc Newson’s each works are very creative and original. The ‘Lockheed Lounge’ is an extraordinary piece which has become one of Newson’s signature pieces and a 20th century design icon. The shapes and sizes of his art pieces are inspired by the surrounding and nature. For example you can tell that embryo chair is similar to embryos. He has captured the shape of embryos and turned it into a comfortable and stylish chair. When Marc Newson was asked about embryo chair he replied â€Å"No one was making things in bright colours that were curvy and seductive and sensual. † â€Å"I’d been subconsciously developing a style, and with that piece I think I defined what that style was. † Marc Newson plays a lot with colours, shapes, sizes and different styles. The risk taking attitude and originality in his works captures audiences and makes it likable. Marc Newson is currently running two studios. One is in Paris and the other in London where he had set up Marc Newson Ltd in 1997 as a larger studio capable of undertaking more ambitious industrial projects.

Sustainability program implementation

Most Important Themes in Great Gatsby, Analyzed

Most Important Themes in Great Gatsby, Analyzed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need to write about a theme for a Great Gatsby assignment or just curious about what exactly a theme is? Not sure where to start? Learn here what a theme is, what the main themes in The Great Gatsby are, and what the best tips for writing about themes for your English/Language Arts class essays are. We will also link to our specific articles on each theme so you can learn even more in-depth about themes central to Gatsby. What Is a Theme? Why Should You Care? First things first: what exactly is a theme? In literature, a theme is a central topic a book deals with. This central topic is revealed through plot events, the actions and dialogue of the characters, and even the narrator’s tone. Themes can be very broad, like love, money, or death, or more specific, like people versus technology, racial discrimination, or the American Dream. In short, a book’s theme can usually answer the question, â€Å"what’s the point of this book?†. They’re the â€Å"so what?† of literary analysis. Also, note that books can definitely have more than one major theme – in Gatsby we identify seven! Knowing a book’s major theme(s) is crucial to writing essays, since many assignments want you to connect your argument to a book’s theme. For example, you might be asked to write an essay about a prompt like this: â€Å"How does the life of Jay Gatsby exemplify (or deconstruct) the idea of the American Dream?† This prompt has you connect specific details in Jay Gatsby’s life to the larger theme of the American Dream. This is why many teachers love theme essays: because they encourage you to connect small details to big ideas! Furthermore, the AP English Literature test always has an essay question that has you analyze some aspect of a book and then â€Å"compare it to the theme of the work as a whole.† (If you want specific examplesyou can access the last 15 years of AP English Literature free response questions here, using your College Board account.) So this skill won’t just help you in your English classes, it will also help you pass the AP English Literature test if you’re taking it! So keep reading to learn about the major themes in Gatsby and how they are revealed in the book, and also to get links to our in-depth articles about each theme. Overview of Key Themes inThe Great Gatsby Before we introduce our seven main themes, we’ll briefly describe how the story and characters suggest the majorGreat Gatsbythemes. Remember that the story is set in the 1920s, a period when America’s economy was booming, and takes place in New York: specifically the wealthy Long Island towns of West Egg and East Egg, as well as Manhattan and Queens. As you should know from the book (check out our summary if you’re still hazy on the details!), The Great Gatsby tells the story of James Gatz, a poor farm boy who manages to reinvent himself as the fabulously rich Jay Gatsby, only to be killed after an attempt to win over his old love Daisy Buchanan. Daisy is married to Tom Buchanan, and they’re both from old money, causing them to look down Gatsby’s newly rich crowd (and for Tom to look down at Gatsby himself). Meanwhile, Tom is having an affair with Myrtle Wilson, the wife of mechanic George Wilson. Through the Wilsons, we see the struggles of the working class in dismal Queens, NY. As if they didn’t already have it hard enough, Myrtle is killed in a hit-and-run accident (caused by Daisy Buchanan), and George, who’s manipulated by Tom to believe that Jay Gatsby was both his wife’s lover and her murderer, ends up shooting Gatsby and then himself. The whole story is told by Nick Carraway, a second cousin of Daisy’s and classmate of Tom’s who moves in next to Gatsby’s mansion and eventually befriends Jay and then comes to deeply admire him, despite or perhaps because of Jay’s fervent desire to repeat his past with Daisy. The tragic chain of events at the novel’s climax, along with the fact that both the Buchanans can easily retreat from the damage they caused, causesNick to become disillusioned with life in New York and retreat back to his hometown in the Midwest. Aside from havinga very unhappy ending, the novel might just ruin swimming pools for you as well. The fact that the major characters come from three distinctclass backgrounds (working class, newly rich, and old money) suggests that class is a major theme. But the rampant materialism and the sheer amount of money spent by Gatsby himself is a huge issue and its own theme. Related to money and class, the fact that both Gatsby and the Wilsons strive to improve their positions in American society, only to end up dead, also suggests that the American Dream and specifically its hollowness is a key theme in the book as well. But there are other themes at play here, too. Every major character is involved in at least one romantic relationship, revealing thatthey are all driven by love, sex, and desire a major theme. Also, the rampant bad behavior (crime, cheating, and finally murder) and lack of real justice makes ethics and morality a key theme. Death also looms large over the novel’s plot, alongside the threat of failure. And finally, a strong undercurrent to all of these themes isidentity itself: can James Gatz really become Jay Gatsby, or was he doomed from the start? Can someone who is not from old money ever blend in with that crowd? Could Gatsby reallyaspire to repeat his past with Daisy, or is that past self gone forever? In short, just by looking at the novel's plot, characters, and ending, we can already get a strong sense of Gatsby's major themes. Let's now look at each of those themes one by one (and be sure to check out the links to our full theme breakdowns!). The 7 Major Great GatsbyThemes Money and Materialism:Everyone in the novel is money-obsessed, whether they were born with money (Tom, Daisy, Jordan, and Nick to a lesser extent), whether they made a fortune (Gatsby), or whether they’re eager for more (Myrtle and George). So why are the characters so materialistic? How does their materialism affect their choices? Get a guide to each of the characters’ material motivations and how they shape the novel. Society and Class:Building on the money and materialism theme, the novel draws clear distinctions between the kind of money you have: old money (inherited) or new money (earned). And there is also a clear difference between the lifestyles of the wealthy, who live on Long Island and commute freely to Manhattan, and the working class people stuck inbetween, mired in Queens. By the end of the novel, our main characters who are not old money (Gatsby, Myrtle, and George) are all dead, while the inherited-money club is still alive. What does this say about class in Gatsby? Why is their society so rigidly classist? Learn more about the various social classes in Gatsby and how they affect the novel’s outcome. The American Dream: The American Dream is the idea anyone can make it in America (e.g. gain fame, fortune, and success) through enough hard work and determination. So is Jay Gatsby an example of the dream? Or does his involvement in crime suggest the Dream isn’t actually real? And where does this leave the Wilsons, who are also eager to improve their lot in life but don’t make it out of the novel alive? Finally, do the closing pages of the novel endorse the American Dream or write it off as a fantasy? Learn what the American Dream is and how the novel sometimes believes in it, and sometimes sees it as a reckless fantasy. Love, Desire, and Relationships:All of the major characters are driven by love, desire, or both, but only Tom and Daisy’s marriage lasts out of the novel’s five major relationships and affairs. So is love an inherently unstable force? Or do the characters just experience it in the wrong way? Get an in-depth guide to each of Gatsby’s major relationships. Death and Failure:Nick narrates Gatsby two years after the events in question, and since he’s obviously aware of the tragedy awaiting not only Gatsby but Myrtle and George as well, the novel has a sad, reflective, even mournful tone. Is the novel saying that ambition is inherently dangerous (especially in a classist society like 1920s America), or is it more concerned with the danger of Gatsby’s intense desire to reclaim the past? Explore those questions here. Morality and Ethics:The novel is full of bad behavior: lying, cheating, physical abuse, crime, and finally murder. Yet none of the characters ever answer to the law, and God is only mentioned as an exclamation, or briefly projected onto an advertisement. Does the novel push for the need to fix this lack of morality, or does it accept it as the normal state of affairs in the â€Å"wild, wild East†? The Mutability of Identity:Mutability just means â€Å"subject to change,† so this theme is about how changeable (or not!) personal identity is. Do people really change? Or are our past selves always with us? And how would this shape our desire to reclaim parts of our past? Gatsby wants to have it both ways: to change himself from James Gatz into the sophisticated, wealthy Jay Gatsby, but also to preserve his past with Daisy. Does he fail because it’s impossible to change? Because it’s impossible to repeat the past? Or both? How to WriteAbout The Great GatsbyThemes So now that you know about the major themes of The Great Gatsby, how can you go about writing about them? First up: look closely at your prompt. Sometimes an essay prompt will come right out and ask you to write about a theme, for example â€Å"is The American Dream in Gatsby alive or dead?† or â€Å"Write about the relationships in Gatsby. What is the novel saying about the nature of love and desire?† For those essays, you will obviously be writing about one of the novel’s major themes. But even though those prompts have big-picture questions, make sure to find small supporting details to help make your argument. In the same way a tree would look really silly if it was just a trunk with no branches and leaves, your essay won't be that great withoutsmaller details to support the larger argument about the theme. For example, if you’re discussing the American Dream and arguing it’s dead in the novel, don’t just make that claim and be done with it. Instead, you can explore Gatsby’s past as James Gatz, George Wilson’s exhausted complacency, and Myrtle’s treatment at the hands of Tom as examples of how the American Dream is treated in the novel. Obviously those examples are far from exhaustive, but hopefully you get the idea: find smaller details to support the larger argument. On the other hand, many essay prompts about Gatsby will look like a question about something specific, like a character or symbol: Explore Tom and Daisy as people who ‘retreat into their money.' What does the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock represent? How does its meaning change throughout the novel? Show how Fitzgerald uses clothing (and the changing of costumes) to tell the reader more about the characters and/or express theme(s). These prompts are actually a chance for you to take that detailed analysis and connect it to one of the larger themes – in other words, even though the prompt doesn’t state it explicitly, you should still be connecting those more focused topics to one of the big-picture themes. For example, if you talk about Tom and Daisy Buchanan, you will definitely end up talking about society and class. If you talk about the green light, you will end up talking about dreams and goals, specifically the American Dream. And if you discuss clothing to talk about the characters, you will definitely touch on money and materialism, as well as society and class (like how Gatsby’s pink suit makes him stand out as new money to Tom Buchanan, or how Myrtle adopts a different dress to play at being wealthy and sophisticated). In short, for these more specific prompts, you start from the ground (small details and observations) and build up to discussing the larger themes, even if the prompt doesn’t say to do so explicitly! What’s Next? Now you're an expert on themes, but what about symbols? If you need to write about the important symbols inThe Great Gatsby,check out our symbols overview for a complete guide. Want a full analysis of Jay Gatsby and his backstory?Not sure how his story connects with the American Dream? Get the details here. Want to go back to square one? Get started with Chapter 1 of our Great Gatsby plot summary. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Critique - Essay Example The authors are looking forward to the best possible outcomes of regulation and taxation of marijuana; in short, they talk about issues on legalization. Marijuana has become illegal because the government together with its law prohibits it in the first place. The authors define marijuana to be legal when it is already regulated by the government and so potential tax must be obtained out from it. The authors look forward to this as for the sole purpose of funding the government’s drug and law enforcement activities with the collected tax. Furthermore, they assume that this will potentially decrease marijuana’s level of consumption, as its price will surge up high as an upshot of taxation activity. Furthermore, the authors define the legalization of marijuana by supplementing it with the assumption or circumstance that is associated with its prohibition. The authors simply are trying to point out the assumption that legalizing marijuana will remarkably address gang crimes and violence that are associated with its distribution and usage. This would require substantial proofs in the first place which the authors unfortunately fail to elaborately discuss in their argument. Conversely, one of the probable strengths of the authors’ argument is its being positive about the subject matter especially on the cost and crime control. In fact, the entire argument is substantially focused on the cost and crime control. Furthermore, the authors talk about the practicality in dealing with marijuana usage and distribution concerns. They bring out the entire issue to be highly associated with the prevailing crimes that relate with marijuana usage and distribution. The authors are making the best of this opportunity to convince the public and policy makers with their stand by integrating into their arguments some important knowledge that comes from their areas of expertise. By profession, the authors are internal medicine specialist and police officer. It is therefore